Embryonic development of quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in a homemade incubator.

Knowledge of the embryonic development of species such as quail is important for our understanding of its production and reproduction. Quail provides a practical solution to the animal protein shortage problem in developing countries and is an excellent alternative to chicken (Shanaway, 1994). This study evaluated quail embryonic viability by comparing the main morphological changes that occur over the development in a homemade incubator with previous data; the incubator was built using easily accessible and low-cost materials, which allows small producers and communities to develop quail farms as an activity to increase income or even produce a source of animal protein for the community in the Brazilian Amazon region. The homemade incubator measured 40 cm × 42 cm × 32 cm and was constructed with wooden boards, a digital thermostat, and an incandescent lamp. A total of 24 fertile eggs were incubated at a temperature of 37.5 °C and 60% relative humidity; age "0" was set at the start of incubation. Two eggs were opened on each day of development, starting from day 5 to day 16 of incubation. After gently opening the eggs, the embryos were removed, separated from the placenta and amniotic fluid, washed with running water, and weighed on a digital scale (SHIMADZU AUY 220 brand and UNI BLOC model). Crown-rump length and other measurements were performed with a digital caliper and the morphological structures were observed using a stereomicroscope (NOVA brand and NOVA ZTX-E model). All eggs opened contained live embryos, indicating that the homemade incubator temperature, relative humidity, and manual turning were adequate to maintain the quail's viability. The morphometric data of the embryos at different developmental time points were similar to those described in the literature. Embryos weighed 0.0069 g at day 5 and 4.7863 g at day 16, and the crown-rump length (CRL) means were 0.368 cm and 3.657 cm, respectively. Weight and CRL increased by 0.434 g and 2.593 cm per day of incubation, respectively. In conclusion, after 16 days of incubation in a homemade incubator, the embryos presented all phases of the development cycle, with appropriate development of weight and height based on the days of incubation without anomaly or external interference. These findings demonstrate that the homemade incubator does not alter the embryonic development of quail embryos in the Brazilian Amazon region.

O conhecimento do desenvolvimento embrionário de espécies como a codorna é importante para nosso entendimento de sua produção e reprodução. A codorna fornece uma solução prática para o problema de escassez de proteína animal nos países em desenvolvimento e é uma excelente alternativa ao frango (Shanaway, 1994). Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade embrionária de codornas comparando as principais alterações morfológicas que ocorrem ao longo do desenvolvimento em uma incubadora caseira com dados anteriores; a incubadora foi construída com materiais de fácil acesso e baixo custo, o que permite que pequenos produtores e comunidades desenvolvam criações de codornas como atividade para aumentar a renda ou mesmo produzir uma fonte de proteína animal para comunidades da Amazônia brasileira. A incubadora caseira media 40 cm × 42 cm × 32 cm e foi construída com tábuas de madeira, termostato digital e lâmpada incandescente. Um total de 24 ovos férteis foram incubados a uma temperatura de 37,5 °C e 60% de umidade relativa; idade "0" foi definida no início da incubação. Dois ovos foram abertos a cada dia de desenvolvimento, começando do dia 5 ao dia 16 de incubação. Após a abertura cuidadosa dos ovos, os embriões foram retirados, separados da placenta e do líquido amniótico, lavados em água corrente e pesados em balança digital (marca SHIMADZU AUY 220 e modelo UNI BLOC). O comprimento cabeça-cauda e demais medidas foram realizadas com paquímetro digital e as estruturas morfológicas foram observadas com auxílio de estereomicroscópio (marca NOVA e modelo NOVA ZTX-E). Todos os ovos abertos continham embriões vivos, indicando que a temperatura da incubadora caseira, a umidade relativa e a viragem manual foram adequadas para manter a viabilidade das codornas. Os dados morfométricos dos embriões em diferentes momentos do desenvolvimento foram semelhantes aos descritos na literatura. Os embriões pesaram 0,0069 g no dia 5 e 4,7863 g no dia 16, e as médias do comprimento cabeça-cauda (CRL) foram de 0,368 cm e 3,657 cm, respectivamente. Peso e CRL aumentaram 0,434 g e 2,593 cm por dia de incubação, respectivamente. Em conclusão, após 16 dias de incubação em incubadora caseira, os embriões apresentaram todas as fases do ciclo de desenvolvimento, com desenvolvimento adequado de peso e altura com base nos dias de incubação sem anomalia ou interferência externa. Esses achados demonstram que a incubadora caseira não altera o desenvolvimento embrionário de embriões de codorna na Amazônia brasileira.

Biochemical and blood gas alterations in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) whole blood stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M bags.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and blood gas alterations of whole blood of buffaloes that was stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose with adenine (CPDA-1) and CPD/SAG-M blood bags for 42 days. DESIGN: Prospective study. INTERVENTIONS: Ten male buffaloes were used in this study. A total volume of 900 mL of blood was collected from each buffalo so that 450 mL was stored in CPDA-1 and 450 mL was stored in CPD/SAG-M bags at 2-6°C for 42 days. The stored blood was evaluated at 7 time points (D): D0 (immediately after blood collection) and 7 (D7), 14 (D14), 21 (D21), 28 (D28), 35 (D35), and 42 (D42) days after collection. Blood gas, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were monitored. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The overall blood pH decreased from 6.997 ± 0.05 at D0 to 6.784 ± 0.09 at D42, differing from baseline from D14 onward (P < 0.05). There were increases in partial pressure of oxygen (pO2 ), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ), lactate, and potassium (K) and decreases in the concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and pH (P < 0.05) during storage in both bags but no alterations in total protein concentration. Most of the variables were consistently similar between the 2 types of blood bags (P > 0.05) evaluated, with the exception of pCO2 , HCO3, cholesterol, and total protein, which had higher values in the CPDA-1 bag (P < 0.05). The K, pO2 , and lactate had the highest alterations during storage, with increases from baseline to D42 of 563%, 317%, and 169%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In general, no significant changes of clinical importance were observed after storage of whole blood samples from buffaloes for 42 days in the 2 types of blood bags that are indicated for use with this species.

Efficacy of Phytopharmaceuticals From the Amazonian Plant Libidibia ferrea for Wound Healing in Dogs.

We comparatively evaluate two distinct formulations containing 5% of Jucá (Libidibia ferrea) for wound healing in dogs. An excision model study was performed in 11 dogs with three dermal wounds in each animal, which were treated with: (1) topical phytopharmaceutical based on Carbopol (PyC) containing 5% Jucá ethanolic extract; (2) topical phytopharmaceutical based on Astrocaryum murumuru butter (PyM) containing 5% Jucá ethanolic extract; and (3) commercial ointment (control). Wound treatment was carried out on alternated days starting at day (D) one until D21. Macroscopic (all time-points) and histological (D0 and D21) analyses were performed. The antimicrobial activity of Jucá was evaluated through Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Phytochemical analysis of Jucá revealed 3.1% phenolic compound content expressed in rutin and the presence of hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids. The mean wound retraction was 33.7 ± 5.5, 34.0 ± 4.7, and 28.4 ± 4.9 % for PyC, PyM, and control groups, respectively, with higher wound retraction for both herbal-treated groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). Alcoholic extract of Jucá had antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida krusei at different degrees, with MIC ranging from 250 to 16.625 µg/ml. Microscopic evaluation showed that the phytotherapic formulations contributed to better dermal wound healing through wound fibroplasia. The alcoholic extract of Jucá pods has great potential for wound healing in dogs and can be used in the development of commercially viable phytotherapic formulations.

Factors associated with the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella abortus in water buffaloes from Santarém, Lower Amazon region, Brazil.

We evaluated the factors associated with the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella abortus in buffaloes in the municipality of Santarém, Western Pará, northern Brazil. The study was conducted on 60 farms, representing 25.8% of the total buffalo farms in the region. From those farms, a total of 426 buffaloes were sampled, males of any age and females more than 24 months of age, to avoid a false-positive reaction in the serological test due to vaccination. The Acidified Agglutination Serum Test was carried out on serum samples using B. abortus strain 1,119-3 as the antigen. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to investigate the association between brucellosis and potential risk factors. Of the 426 tested buffaloes, 29 were positive, resulting in an overall animal prevalence of antibodies against B. abortus at the animal level of 6.8% (4.6-9.6; 95% confidence interval). The herd level prevalence was 30% (18 of 60) and seroprevalence range within farms was from 0% to 100%. At the animal level, buffaloes raised in the floodplains tended (p = 0.06) to present a higher seroprevalence (9.70%) of antibodies against B. abortus than buffaloes raised in dry land (4.98%) and cows tended (p = 0.054) to have a higher seroprevalence than male buffaloes. Multivariate herd-level analysis revealed association between farm type and brucellosis seroprevalence (p = 0.015); dairy farms were two times more likely to have seropositive buffalo than beef farms. Our survey demonstrated a high farm seroprevalence of B. abortus in buffalo raised in an Amazonian ecosystem with positive animals found in one third of sampled farms.

Efeitos da carboxiterapia na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas / Effects of carboxiterapy in the healing of skin wounds

INTRODUÇÃO: Novas terapêuticas para as lesões de difícil cicatrização têm-se tornado necessárias e estão sendo pesquisadas. Nesse contexto, a carboxiterapia tem se destacado pelos seus efeitos sobre a microcirculação tecidual. OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos da carboxiterapia, infusão no tecido subcutâneo de CO2 medicinal, na cicatrização de lesões cutâneas em ratos Wistars. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo experimental e quantitativo, com uma amostra de 10 animais, divididos em grupo controle e grupo carboxiterapia. Todos os animais sofreram uma lesão com punch metálico de 5mm de diâmetro na região dorsal e, o grupo com terapia, tratado por 10 dias consecutivos. A região foi fotografada em vários momentos da pesquisa e, em seguida, as imagens foram analisadas pelo software ImageJ. RESULTADOS: Na análise descritiva dos dados o GC apresentou redução progressiva da área de 0,205±0,025 para 0,155±0,017 no 3º dia, 0,109±0,034 no 7º dia e 0,028±0,092 após o 10º dia. O GCa apresentou aumento da área de 0,198±0,040 para 0,207±0,035 no 3º dia, com redução para 0,109±0,012 no 7º dia e 0,044±0,030 após o 10 dia, demonstrando ser menos eficiente na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas do que a ausência de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: A carboxiterapia não mostrou resultado significativo para acelerar o processo de cicatrização de lesões cutâneas na fase aguda, sugerindo esse período como não ideal para sua utilização.

INTRODUCTION: New therapies for difficult-toheal injuries have become necessary and are being researched. In this context, carboxytherapy has been highlighted by its effects on tissue microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effects of carboxytherapy, infusion in the subcutaneous tissue of medicinal CO2, in the healing of skin lesions in Wistars rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an experimental and quantitative study, with a sample of 10 animals divided into a control group and a carboxytherapy group. All the animals suffered a metallic punch injury of 5mm diameter in the dorsal region and the group with therapy, treated for 10 consecutive days. The region was photographed at various times of the research and then the images were analyzed by ImageJ software. RESULTS: In the descriptive analysis of the data, the CG presented a progressive reduction of the area of 0.205 ± 0.025 to 0.155 ± 0.017 on the 3rd day, 0.109 ± 0.034 on the 7th day and 0.028 ± 0.092 after the 10th day, GCa presented an area increase of 0.198 ± 0.040 for 0.207 ± 0.035 on the 3rd day, with reduction to 0.109 ± 0.012 on the 7th day and 0.044 ± 0.030 after 10 days, demonstrating to be less efficient in the healing of cutaneous wounds than the absence of treatment. CONCLUSION: Carboxitherapy did not show significant results to accelerate the healing process of cutaneous lesions in the acute phase, suggesting this period as not ideal for its use.

Amblyomma ticks infesting amphibians and Squamata reptiles from the lower Amazon region, Brazil.

Amphibians and Squamata reptiles belonging to a zoological collection were screened for ectoparasites, which were removed from the hosts and identified using morphological keys. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the association between the parasite and host characteristics (taxonomic group, capture location and habitat) were done. Among the 1256 animals examined (319 amphibians and 937 reptiles), 86 individuals were parasitized, corresponding to a frequency of 6.9% (6.6% reptiles and 7.5% amphibians). Ticks in the adult and nymph stages were identified to the species level; all of them belonged to the species Amblyomma dissimile. The larvae were identified to the genus level and were all Amblyomma sp. In total 69 larvae, 28 nymphs and eight adults were found. The most parasitized species was the frog Rhinella major: 24 parasitized animals of 65 examined (36.9%). There was a difference (P < 0.001) between parasitism by ticks of the genus Amblyomma with regard to the habitat of capture of the parasitized animal, with a higher parasitism rate in hosts that inhabited open areas as compared to animals ensconced in forest areas and edges of forests. New tick-host associations are given.

ANTIBODIES AGAINST BRUCELLA ABORTUS AND LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN CAPTIVE MAMMALS IN THE STATES OF PARá AND RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL.

Brazil has a large variety of wild animal species, but limited data are available on the occurrence of Brucella abortus and Leptospira spp. antibodies in these animals. Sera from 141 captive mammals belonging to 11 different species from the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil were screened. Antibodies against B. abortus and Leptospira spp. (24 live serovars) were investigated using the Rose Bengal plate and microscopic agglutination tests, respectively. Associations between the age, gender, and place of captivity were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square or the Fisher exact test. None of the animals were antibody positive for B. abortus. Among the animals tested, 11 (7.8%) were seropositive for Leptospira spp. These included one red brocket deer ( Mazama americana), two tufted capuchin ( Sapajus apella), seven agoutis ( Dasyprocta aguti), and one lowland paca ( Cuniculus paca). No association was observed between sex, age, and the occurrence of Leptospira spp. antibodies ( P > 0.05). However, an association was observed according to the place of captivity ( P = 0.046). From these 11 positive animals, six (54.5%) reacted to the serovars from the Icterohaemorraghiae serogroup, which is mainly responsible for the clinical cases of human leptospirosis in Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Leptospira spp. antibodies in M. americana and C. paca.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with ectoparasite infestation of buffaloes in an Amazonian ecosystem.

BACKGROUND: The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is well adapted in some regions of the Amazon. Of all Brazilian states, Pará contains the largest number of this species, with 510,000 animals, approximately 38% of the Brazilian buffaloes. Despite the socioeconomic importance of bubaline farming in the northern region, little is known about the prevalence of ectoparasites that affect buffalo herds. This study aimed to identify the species of buffalo ectoparasites in the municipality of Santarém, Pará, and to determine possible risk factors related to ectoparasitic infestation. A cross-sectional study was conducted by sampling 60 rural properties and 621 buffaloes for ectoparasites. When present, ectoparasites were collected for subsequent identification. RESULTS: Of all the animals sampled, 18.5% (115/621) had ectoparasites, 7.8% (49/621) had ticks from the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Amblyomma cajennense (sensu stricto), and 11.5% (72/621) had lice from the Haematopinus tuberculatus species. Six animals presented mixed infestations of ticks and lice. Among the sampled farms, 51.6% (31/60) had at least one animal infested with ectoparasites. The prevalence of ticks and lice on buffaloes was associated with the farm site, with higher prevalence (11.5% ticks, 15.4% lice) in animals at dry land (OR: 16.7 and 5.7 for ticks and lice, respectively) when compared with floodplains (0.5% ticks, 3.4% lice). Buffaloes aged 1 to 12 months had more ticks whereas buffaloes aged 13 to 24 months had more lice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Buffaloes bred in the municipality of Santarém present different levels of tick and lice infestation according to the direct influence of Amazon ecosystem characteristics. The floodplain environment, widely used for buffalo farming, contributes toward minor ectoparasite infestations in these animals.

Mid-pregnancy ewe shearing and the effects on fetus liver and muscle glycoprotein deposits.

The reason why shearing ewes in mid-pregnancy does increase the lamb birth weight is not completely clears. Therefore, we focused on the analyses of the deposition of glycogen in different fetal tissues to investigate this issue. Thirteen pregnant Australian Merino ewes, raised in native pasture, were separated in two groups. One group (n = 7) was shorn (SE) at 70 days of pregnancy, whereas another group (n = 6) remained unshorn (NSE). Cesarean section was conducted in all the ewes at near parturition, when placenta and fetuses sampling were collected. Placenta, liver and muscle samples were fixed and stained with glycoprotein-reactive acid-Schiff acid for analysis under light microscopy. The quantification of these glycoproteins was performed with the support of a program that analyzes the measurement of the intensity of staining by field. Five random fields from each sample were used, where statistical analyzes was used as normal test T. Among the analyzed regions, the deposition of glycoprotein between SE and NSE groups was statistically different in the hepatic portal vein (54,499.23 µm 2 in SE and 34,830.73 µm2 in NSE) and in the total muscle area of the sample fragment (41,128, 7 µm2 and 31,942.7 µm2 , respectively; P < 0.05). We conclude that shearing ewes at the 70th day of gestation lead to accumulation of glycoproteins in the liver and muscle of fetuses, which may be responsible for the increase in birth weights in that group.

Avaliação da transmissibilidade ultrassônica do gel fitoterápico de Copaifera duckei Dwyer / Evaluation of ultrasonic transmission of Copaifera duckei Dwyer herbal gel

Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de transmissibilidade ultrassônica de um gel fitoterápico de copaíba da espécie Copaifera duckei Dwyer na concentração de 10%. A pesquisa foi registrada junto ao Sistema Brasileiro de Biodiversidade. O gel fitoterápico de Copaifera duckei 10% foi manipulado de acordo diretrizes da Farmacopéia Brasileira e testado em um aparelho de Ultrassom (US) operado na faixa de 1 MHz. Como grupos controle foram selecionados a água destilada e o gel hidroalcoólico. A análise ocorreu de forma qualitativa e quantitativa através do modelo proposto na literatura. O US foi programado para modos de corrente pulsado/contínuo e testados nas intensidades (0,2/0,4/0,6/0,8/1,0W/cm2), em 1mim/cm2. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico pelo software BioEstat 5.3 e foi admitido um nível de significância de ≥0,05. No modo contínuo e na intensidade de 0.2W/cm2 o gel foi considerado "Bom transmissor", na intensidade de 0.4 W/cm2 e 0.6W/cm2 um "Transmissor moderado" e nas intensidades de 0.8W/cm2 e 1.0W/cm2 um "Transmissor pobre". Concluiu-se que o gel de C. duckei 10% não atenuou as ondas de US em nenhum modo ou intensidade testado. E pode assim ser adicionado a esse para tratamentos sendo considerado transmissor bom ou moderado de acordo com a intensidade do US.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of transmissibility of an herbal gel of Copaifera duckei Dwyer at a concentration of 10%. The research was registered with the Brazilian Biodiversity System. The gel of Copaifera duckei 10% was guidelined by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and tested on an Ultrasound device (US) operated in the range of 1 MHz. The control groups were selected distilled water and hydro alcoholic gel. The analysis was qualitatively and quantitatively using the model proposed in the literature. The US was scheduled to current modes pulsed/continuous and tested in the intensities (0.2/0.4/0.6/0.8/1.0W/cm2) in 1mim/cm2. The data received statistical treatment by BioEstat software 5.3 and was admitted to a significance level of ≥0.05. In continuous mode and intensity of 0.2W/cm2 gel was considered "good transmitter" at the intensity of 0.4W/cm2 and 0.6W/cm2 a "moderate Transmitter" and the intensity of 0.8W/cm2 and 1.0W/cm2 a "poor transmitter". It was concluded that the 10% gel C. duckei US did not attenuate US waves in any form or intensity tested; it can thus be used for this treatment being considered a good or moderate transmitter according to the intensity of US.(AU)

Morphological Tools for Describing the Male External Genitalia of Sapajus apella.

Sapajus apella is a wild monkey of South America distributed across almost all of Brazil. This species adapts to domesticated life and reproduces easily. The present study describes the macro- and microscopic morphology of male genital organs (penis, penis bone, glans penis, prepuce, bulb of penis, and urethra) of Sapajus apella. Four male monkeys were used in this study. For macroscopic description, the genitals were dissected, examined and photographed. For microscopic analysis, samples were stained by HE and Tricom Masson and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The penis has a gutter shape with numerous spines on the free part of the penis and glans, and showed cavernous body elements in which mesenchymal cells appear. The glans penis is well developed with a broad crown shape. The prepuce does not cover the free part of the penis. The bulb displays well-developed muscle structure and the membranous urethra is very elongated. These results reveal that Sapajus apella shows specific male genital features, different from other primates.

Ultra-sonografia abdominal e pélvica em cães da raça golden retriever sadios, portadores e afetados pela distrofia muscular progressiva / Abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography in healthy golden retriever dogs, carriers and affected by gradual muscular dystrophy

A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é um tipo de distrofia muscular em humanos caracterizada por uma doença genética ligada ao cromossomo X. O cão golden retriever portador da distrofia muscular (GRMD) tem sido intensamente estudado e considerado o modelo mais representativo para a doença observada em humanos. Assim, como forma de verificar anormalidades em órgãos internos nesses animais, foi realizado o exame ultra-sonográfico de 24 cães golden retriever saudáveis, portadores e afetados pela distrofia muscular. O exame ultra-sonográfico do GRMD diagnosticou aumento hepático de moderado a severo, incluindo os vasos hepáticos e seus ramos e aumento de ecogenicidade da vesícula biliar e vesícula urinária. Entretanto, não foram observadas imagens claras de alterações no baço e nos vasos ramos da aorta. A partir disso, acreditamos que o exame ultra-sonográfico constitui-se em um procedimento útil no acesso de órgãos abdominais em cães afetados pela distrofia muscular.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one type of human’s muscular dystrophy characterized by a genetic disorder linked to the X chromosome. The Golden Retriever muscular dystrophic (GRMD) has been extensively studied and considered the best resembling model to the human disease. Therefore, for identifying internal organs abnormality in GRMD, abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography was performed in 24 golden retriever dogs, either healthy or muscular dystrophic in different levels of disease. The GRMD ultrasonographic exams diagnosed moderate to severe liver enlargement, including hepatic vessels and their branches and increase of echogenicity in gallbladder and urinary bladder. However was not-clearly recognized pathologic images from spleen and aortic vessels were accessed. Therefore, we believe, the ultrasonographic exam was an useful procedure to the assessment of abdominal organs in dogs affected by muscular dystrophy.

Análise das dosagens e concentrações séricas da ciclosporina A em cães da raça Golden Retriever normais ou afetados pela distrofia muscular / Analyses of dosages and blood concentration of cyclosporin A on norrmal Golden Retriever dogs or Golden Retriever with muscular dystrophy

A distrofia muscular dos cães Golden Retriever (GRMD), uma miopatia degenerativa causada pela ausência da distrofina é geneticamente homóloga à distrofia muscular de Duchenne que acomete humanos, portanto, estes cães são considerados modelos experimentais para estudos em terapia celular. Seu sucesso depende da imunossupressão adequada. A ciclosporina A (CsA) é indicada para tal e a monitorização de suas concentrações sangüíneas e efeitos adversos são essenciais para viabilizar a terapia. Foram estudados cães GRMD, e normais da mesma raça, submetidos a terapia com CsA, associada, nos GRMD, ao transplante de células tronco. Foram avaliados as concentrações sangüíneas do fármaco através de amostras coletadas a cada dois ou três dias e analisadas pelo método do imunoensaio por fluorescência (FPIA). Como resultado observamos que as concentrações de CsA oscilaram muito, em seis dos oito animais. Concluímos que as doses variam individualmente sendo de maior importância avaliar a concentração do fármaco no sangue e sua viabilização no uso da terapia celular

The muscular dystrophy of Golden Retriever (GRMD) is a degenerative miopaty caused by the absence of dystrophy and it is genetically homologue of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans, so, these dogs are considerably experimental models for studies on cellular therapy. Their successful depends of the adequate immunosuppression. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is indicated for that and the monitoring of the blood concentration and adverse effects are essential to viabilise the therapy. It was studied GRMD dogs, and normal dogs from the same breed, submitted for therapy with CsA, associated, on GRMD, of cell transplantation. It was evaluated blood concentration of the drug, between two or tree days using the method of FPIA. In our results we found that the CsA blood concentrations oscillated too much on six than eight of our animals. We concluded that the doses varieties Braz. J. vet. Res. anim. Sci., São Paulo, v. 45, n. 2, p. 131-137, 2008 individually and the correct dosage as to important as the evaluation of the blood concentration of the drug and became viable for cell therapy

Efeitos da ciclosporina a sobre a função renal de cães da raça Golden Retriever normais ou afetados pela distrofia muscular / Effect of cyclosporin A on renal functions of normal Golden Retriever dogs or Golden Retriever with muscular dystrophy

A distrofia muscular dos cães Golden Retriever (GRMD), uma miopatia degenerativa causada pela ausência da distrofina, é geneticamente homóloga à distrofia muscular de Duchenne que acomete humanos, portanto, estes cães são considerados modelos experimentais para estudos em terapia celular. Seu sucesso depende da imunossupressão adequada. A ciclosporina A é indicada para tal e a monitorização de suas concentrações sangüíneas e efeitos adversos são essenciais para viabilizar a terapia. Foram estudados cães GRMD e normais da mesma raça, submetidos à terapia com CsA, associada, nos GRMD, ao transplante de células tronco. Foram avaliados os possíveis efeitos do fármaco sobre a função renal, sendo consideradas as manifestações clínicas, urinálise, testes de função glomerular, e concentrações séricas de uréia, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Como resultado houve aumento discreto na uréia sérica de ambos os grupos; cilindrúria e proteinúria e aumento da densidade urinária no grupo dos GRMD. Concluímos que a CsA pode causar lesão aguda de túbulos renais, principalmente em GRMDs; os mesmos também reagem de modo distinto com relação à homeostase de íons e função renal. Entretanto, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento podem prevenir o agravamento das lesões e desenvolvimento de insuficiência renal.

The muscular dystrophy of Golden Retriever is a degenerative miopaty caused by the absence of dystrophy and it is genetically homologue of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans, so, these dogs are considerably experimental models for studies on cellular therapy. Their successful depends of the adequate immunosuppression. Cyclosporin A is indicated for that and the monitoring of blood concentration and adverse effects are essential to viabilise the therapy. It was studied GRMD dogs, and normal dogs from the same breed, submitted for therapy with CsA, associated, on GRMD, of cell transplantation. It was evaluated the possible effects of the drug on renal functions. It has been considerate the clinic manifestations, urinalisis, testis of glomerular function and blood concentrations of urea, cretinine, sodium and potassium. In our results we found a discrete increase of blood urea on booth groups; increased levels of urine's cylinders and protein and also increase of urinary density on GRMD group. CsA therapy could make acute lesions on renal tubules, especially on GRMD. These dogs also have different reactions than normal dogs on relation of ions homeostasis and renal function. However, earlier diagnosis and adequate treatment could prevent the development of renal diseases.